The supply of essential mineral raw materials, such as copper and lithium, is crucial for the European economy and social prosperity. These materials are difficult to replace and can only be sourced from a limited number of countries, creating a high risk of supply disruptions. Currently, 34 raw materials are deemed critical within the EU, with 17 of these categorized as “strategic raw materials” due to their anticipated importance in the future.
On July 22, a new study involving the Institute of Technology Assessment (ITA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences was presented to the European Parliament’s Committee on Science and Technology in Strasbourg. This study follows the EU’s recent enactment of the Critical Raw Materials Act aimed at mitigating potential supply and mining challenges. The study emphasizes how research and innovation can address issues related to the supply of these critical raw materials.
Challenges in extraction, processing and supply
Steffen Bettin and Saskia Favreuille from ITA highlight several key challenges. Sustainable extraction practices are essential, requiring reduced energy consumption and more research into the environmental impacts of raw material extraction. Energy efficiency needs to be considered not only during extraction but also during material refining processes. Currently, much of the refining occurs in countries like China due to lower costs, raising concerns about safety, environmental, and social standards. Bettin advocates for reconsidering mining operations within Europe to avoid these issues.
Favreuille points out that research into critical raw materials is lagging. While materials like cobalt and lithium receive considerable attention due to their relevance to e-mobility, many other critical raw materials are insufficiently studied. This gap in research is evident from past EU projects, where several critical materials remain underexplored.
Urgent need for increased research and cooperation
The study’s authors stress the necessity of enhanced international collaboration to ensure sustainability. Bettin and Favreuille argue that research and innovation should be integral to new cooperation agreements, moving beyond mere declarations of intent. They call for increased knowledge and technical advancements to prevent supply issues and to address environmental and social impacts effectively.
